Dear Sidewinder:
Are you concerned about compatibility? Do I detect a certain note of agonizing over this matter? Picture this, new arrows, out hunting, cold day, EVERY feather falls off the shafts. Not me but it's happened. Does that reassure you that your plight is understood? Got to try it before you use it.
Duco cement works for me with Polyurethane. Orange for shaft color, can do with dye, or pretty close. Cheaper than paint, may be easier for you, is for me. Less than $2 will color more shafts than I can afford.
One of these days I'll dip the rear part with white, then fletch.
Putting some sort of clear over the paint sounds pretty good, but is it necessary? Poly gets yellow, and more so over time, so the white gets funky. Works out just fine with yellow dye. Will the clear coat you use turn yellow over time? Some solvent based products yellow over time, water based not so much, but may not wear as well.
Shooting into straw and foam 3D is hard on finish. Schlopping another coat on to re-do the first six inches is easy with poly.
Try the finish with the fletching cement. Plain old pine board and feather scraps work for a test. if the stuff peels or pulls off easy, oh well.
I like wrapping about three eighths inch or a bit less of the leading edge of the fletching. Always wrap uphill.
The guy from Lowes might not really know the answer to your concern. How many guys from Lowes fletch arrows? If you doubt that, ask him about gasket laquer. Your answers are here on this site. Don't worry about a thing, do as we advise, it'll get screwed up somehow. Make your arrows, shoot em all up, have a ball, and then go make some more. You'll get better regardless of what we say.
The only way anyone, like me, can poke fun is if they been there, like me! You won't get that from Lowes, either! Woodbutcher